lascar volcano plate boundary

[190], There is a pronounced morphology characterized by a channel upslope and snout-like toes downslope. Other minerals include anhydrite,[57] augite, plagioclase[33] which is also the dominant phenocryst phase in Lascar rocks,[76] apatite, ilmenite, magnetite, olivine, orthopyroxene, phyrrotite, quartz, rhyolite in the groundmass, and spinel in inclusions. What plate is forming lascar volcano? During earthquakes which type of fault results when one plate is compressed up onto . [54] These formations are not visible in the Lascar area, but they crop out close to the Salar de Atacama. [27] They are constructed on a crust that is between 50 and 70 kilometres (31 and 43mi) thick. Data available through GEOFON. Because the former are. The flow deposit was later modified by glacial activity. Divergent Plate Boundaries At a divergent boundary, tectonic plates move apart from one another. On the southeastern flank, the pyroclastic flows formed a fan extending several hundred metres into Pampa Leija. [47] This Plinian deposit reaches thicknesses of 22 metres (72ft) and fell from a 22-to-30-kilometre-high (14 to 19mi) eruption column. [67], The stage II activity was accompanied by the eruption of block and ash flows consisting of andesite, and an eruption whose deposits include blocks with sizes of 15 metres (49ft). [134] These deposits have volumes of 0.1 cubic kilometres (0.024cumi) and probably formed when an explosive eruption took place in a lava lake. [249] 8,500 years ago, the climate in the region became much drier, and the amount of erosion decreased substantially. [80] The magma interacts with former salar deposits before ascending. [23], About 122 volcanoes with Holocene eruptions exist in the Andean Volcanic Belt, including Ojos del Salado which with a height of 6,887 metres (22,595ft) is the highest volcano in the world. The equilibrium line at Lascar was at an altitude of 4,7004,800 metres (15,40015,700ft) during the last glacial maximum. [102], Release rates of SO2 amounted to 27 tonnes per day (0.31kg/s) in 1989,[103] and 28 tonnes per day (0.32kg/s) in 2003. Aguas Calientes in the middle; Lascar on the left. [50] These domes cover a surface area of about 90 square kilometres (35sqmi). [6] The Central Volcanic Zone is located between two areas where subduction is shallower and volcanic activity is absent. [88] Such tremors may be produced by the movement of liquid materials in the volcano. [140], The lava domes interacted with glaciers, resulting in the formation of a glacier run whose deposits are found as far as 10 kilometres (6.2mi) from the volcano. [78] SiO2 concentrations range from 55.5 to 67.8% by weight, and the rocks have medium to large concentrations of potassium. [227] Precipitation at Lascar is about 50100 millimetres per year (2.03.9in/year) and consists mostly of snow. This pulse generated an eruption column 23 kilometres (14mi) high. Lascar is a stratovolcano in Chile within the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, a volcanic arc that spans Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile. [16] A number of supervolcanoes exist in the Central Volcanic Zone, they are part of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex. [144] Pumices are encased in the ignimbrite as lenses and levees and are also found in the terrain above the canyons. [113] They correspond to about 2 and 5%, respectively, of the global volcanic flux of these compounds. [203], This eruption was the most significant eruption of Lascar in the last 9,000 years, with a volcanic explosivity index of 4[35][129] and a duration of 32 hours,[8] and one of the most significant volcanic eruptions in the recent history of Chile. [44] The end of glaciation may have accompanied an increase in volcanic activity, a phenomenon that has been noted at other volcanoes. [26] The andesitic-dacitic Aguas Calientes is located 5 kilometres (3.1mi) east of Lascar; it may have formed a lava flow close to the summit during the Holocene. . [39], The Tumbres eruption occurred around 7250 BCE,[157] commencing with the eruption of pumice falls that reach thicknesses of less than 1.2 metres (3ft 11in). These rocks have a composition mainly characterized as "two-pyroxene",[a] but the old Piedras Grandes and Soncor rocks contain hornblende. [170] While eruptions before 1993 had always been preceded by a reduction in heat radiated from the volcano, such a reduction in 19992000 did not lead to an eruption, and when an eruption took place in July 2000, it was preceded by only a brief drop in heat radiation. administered through the Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University. [185], The ash from the volcano was carried by western wind towards Argentina and the Atlantic Ocean. 3. The flow advanced just north of the head of Quebrada Talabre before passing over cliffs and entering it. [141] The Plinian deposit has a colour ranging from white to creamy. Lascar is the most active volcano in the central Andes. The deposits left contain both andesite and dacite,[53] with phenocrysts consisting of apatite, augite, biotite, iron-titanium oxides, orthopyroxene and plagioclase in a rhyolite matrix. Light, dark, and banded pumice are mixed in this flow. [35], About 30% of these flows were formed by ash and 70% by blocks,[174] with larger fragments accumulating on the margins of each flow deposit. ", "Recent eruptive activity from Lascar volcano (2006)", "Informe sobre el sistema volcnico de Lascar", "El ciclo eruptivo del 18 al 25 de Abril de 2006 del volcan Lascar, Andes Centrales", "Impact area determination of pyroclastic deposits in Lascar volcano, eruptive process in the year 1993", 10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<614:UTLTMT>2.0.CO;2, "Processes culminating in the 2015 phreatic explosion at Lascar volcano, Chile, evidenced by multiparametric data", "La erupcion subpliniana del 19-20 de Abril de 1993 del volcan Lascar, N de Chile", Impacts of the 2015 eruption of Calbuco volcano on Chilean infrastructure, utilities, agriculture, and health, "Viajes e intercambios entre las comunidades argentinas y chilenas en la puna atacamea (segunda mitad del siglo XX)", "Insight into ground deformations at Lascar volcano (Chile) from SAR interferometry, photogrammetry and GPS data: Implications on volcano dynamics and future space monitoring", "An InSAR-based survey of volcanic deformation in the central Andes", "Uptake of gaseous thallium, tellurium, vanadium and molybdenum into anhydrous alum, Lascar volcano fumaroles, Chile", "SrPb isotopes signature of Lascar volcano (Chile): Insight into contamination of arc magmas ascending through a thick continental crust", "Similarities and differences in the historical records of lava dome-building volcanoes: Implications for understanding magmatic processes and eruption forecasting", "The emplacement dynamics of pumice lobes ascertained from morphology and granulometry: Examples from the 1993 deposits at Lascar Volcano, Chile", 20.500.11820/704f9e40-352c-49da-af10-83ce7c003ac6, "Post-depositional fracturing and subsidence of pumice flow deposits: Lascar Volcano, Chile", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lascar_(volcano)&oldid=1128908838, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017, CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 22 December 2022, at 16:28. Data available through GEOFON. In the Central Volcanic Zone, volcanism has been active for 120 million years, although it has undergone eastward migration during this time. [34] This lava flow is known as the TumbresTalabre lava flow; its margins are 1040 metres (33131ft) high, and it features a central channel. Some guidelines. [7] As of 2017[update], stockbreeding and farming were the principal economic activities in Talabre. Hornfels, skarn, and rocks that are part of Lascar's lava dome ridge are the source of these xenoliths. [134], Later volcanic activity buried this edifice beneath thin pyroclastic flows. [32], Lascar is located in the Antofagasta Region of Chile,[31] and is 5,641 metres (18,507ft),[33][3][34] 5,592 metres (18,346ft),[31][21][15][1] or 5,450 metres (17,880ft) high, according to different sources. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the public were warned to stay at least 5 km away from the crater. The movement of lithospheric plates affects surface features at plate boundaries and within the interiors of both oceanic and continental plates. How to watch volcanoes? [44] East of Lascar lies the La Pacana caldera. [165] The eruption itself lasted only about five minutes and consisted of two pulses. It was accompanied by a Plinian fall deposit. [53] This volcano was formed by andesite-dacite lava flows (stage III) and scoria. [218] An ash plume was carried 660 kilometres (410mi) east. [60] These craters are not collapsed calderas,[57] and there is no evidence of the deposits a large explosion would produce. Imprecise argonargon dating on younger andesites has yielded dates of 14,000 18,000 and 17,000 22,000 years. During earthquakes which type of fault results when one plate is compressed up onto another plate. [47][158] The Tumbres-Talabre flow was originally considered to be of late-19th-century age. Four eruptions occurred at 15:20, 17:22, 19:00 and 21:00 UTC, forming eruption columns reaching altitudes of 10 kilometres (6.2mi). [85] The overall magma supply rate of Lascar is 0.020.03 cubic metres per second (0.711.06cuft/s). To the left, in the background, the. A stratovolcano within the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, The Lascar volcano, seen from the Chaxas lagoon on the Gran Salar. [12] However, the inhabitants of the town of Camar consider Lascar a protective mountain spirit[13] and in Susques (Argentina) it is believed that snow will fall if Lascar is steaming strongly. The Lascar Volcano is an active andesitic to dacitic stratovolcano that consists of an elongate series of six overlapping craters, trending roughly northeast, with the active, fuming crater located near the center of this cluster. Flashcards. [129] Landsat images taken during this time indicate that a lava lake may have existed in the central crater,[163] generating a plume of volcanic gases and, in September 1986, a vulcanian eruption happened and dropped ash in Salta, Argentina. [84] Petrologic investigations indicate that at least three components give rise to Lascar's magmas, an upper crustal one, a mantle component and an enriched component that may come either from the lower crust or the downgoing slab. [169] This cycle ended after 1993, probably because the April 1993 eruption modified the conditions in the volcanic system. [6] The present-day snowline in the region lies at an altitude of 6,050 metres (19,850ft), higher than the summit of Lascar. [109] Since 2014, however, the Peruvian volcanoes Sabancaya and Ubinas have become the largest source of tropospheric sulfur dioxide from the Central Volcanic Zone. [164] This eruption was the most significant of the previous two decades,[163] having a VEI of 3. [2], Seismic activity occurs at Lascar. [31] Larger particles fell closer to the volcano, while smaller particles were carried farther. [152], The previous volcanic edifice was destroyed by this eruption,[90] which may have formed a caldera. Hydrocarbons and other organic compounds are also found in the low-temperature fumaroles. Grey pumice deposits from the 1993 eruption are visible in the photo above and below. Lascar is located close to the Atacama Desert, one of the world's driest deserts. [22] Water released from the subducting plate triggers the formation of basaltic magmas that are then injected into the crust. [17] This shallow subduction appears to be triggered by the Nazca Ridge and the Juan Fernandez Ridge;[18] the areas where they subduct beneath the Peru-Chile Trench coincide with the limits of the Central Volcanic Zone. [47] In these valleys, the ignimbrite can be as much as 60 metres (200ft) thick. Also, a volcano that is not presently erupting, but that has erupted within historical time and is considered likely to do so in the future. [54] The Soncor flow is found primarily on the western side of Lascar, with part of it also southeast of Lascar. For some eruptions, including the January 1854 eruption, it is not clear whether they occurred at Lascar or Aguas Calientes,[157] and some early reports of volcanic activity at Aguas Calientes probably refer to Lascar. Learn. [235] The eruptions of April 1993 and September 1986 were both preceded by a reduction of thermal radiation observed by Thematic Mapper. The largest historical eruption of Lascar took place in 1993, producing pyroclastic flows to 8.5 km NW of the summit. [154] This debris avalanche is 50 metres (160ft) thick and 25 kilometres (16mi) long. Add an answer. [34] Yet another eruption sequence occurred between 1959 and 1969. [137] The Manquez agglutinate above the Tumbres deposits was formed either by the Tumbres eruption or by a subsequent stage;[60] a pyroclastic cone in the western crater may be associated with this agglutinate. Lithic rocks derived both from the pre-Soncor volcano and the basement are also represented. [68] Traces of glacial action are found on the older parts of Lascar at altitudes above 4,600 metres (15,100ft) and include meltwater gorges, striated rock surfaces, and U-shaped valleys. There are traces of a collapse of the volcano towards the northeast, with an associated horseshoe-shaped scar. [181] Lascar's activity has been monitored by Thematic Mapper, which has been used to monitor volcanic activity since 1985, when hot spots were observed on Lascar. These ignimbrites form a 3 steep slope in the area. In the deep valleys, groundwater and streams support more plants. Both plates are capped by oceanic crust. [226] Other eruptions were recorded in November 2006 and July 2007. [10] Unlike the neighbouring volcanoes Acamarachi, Licancabur and Quimal, there is no evidence of archeological sites on Lascar,[11] possibly because of the volcanic activity. [140] The Soncor magmas were associated with a volatile phase that underwent extensive interaction with the future eruption products. [40] MioceneQuaternary volcanic centres in the neighbourhood include Cerro Negro in the north, Acamarachi northeast, Tumisa southwest, and the Cordon de Puntas Negras in the south,[41] which Lascar is sometimes considered to be part of. In this remote territory, where eruptions are poorly recorded, many volcanoes are higher than 6,000 metres (20,000ft). Lascar has been active since at least 56,000 years ago, though some argue for activity beginning 220,000 years ago. Trenches mark subduction zones. [47] Originally considered part of stage III, it was more recently attributed to stage IV given the considerable (6,000 years) temporal gap between the Tumbres eruption and stage III volcanism, and the geochemistry of the rocks. [182] Hot pyroclastic flows on the southeastern flank covered a surface area of 1318.5 kilometres (8.111.5mi). Bunch grass and shrubs grow on the volcano's slopes. [227] Such ash falls could potentially hit the towns of San Pedro de Atacama, Talabre and Toconao as well as the Llano de Chajnantor Observatory, the San Pedro de AtacamaPaso de JamaJujuy international road[240] and the Sico Pass. administered through the Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University. [104], Gases are partly supplied from shallow magma; the volume of magma erupted is too small to contain all the exhalations. [184] The total area covered by the flows is about 14.2 square kilometres (5.5sqmi) on the northern slopes (Tumbres fan)[185] and 4.3 square kilometres (1.7sqmi) on the southern slopes (Lejia fan). Res. [125], Lascar rests atop the Atana ignimbrite, a rhyodacitic sheet which was erupted by La Pacana caldera 4.53.7 million years ago. Test. [36][44] Other basement rocks are the sandstone-containing marine DevonianCarboniferous Lila formation, the red-orange Permian Cas formation containing volcanic rocks and granites,[21][37] as well as the volcanic PermianTriassic Peine formation and Cerro Negro strata, which also contain intruded rocks and lake sediments. [98] Total flux is estimated to be 1,31218,469 kilograms per second (2,89040,720lb/s),[87] and occurs even between eruptions. [83] This origin of Lascar magmas is reflected in the textures of rocks. [193] The pyroclastic flow surfaces subsided after the eruption, with pulses of faster subsidence coinciding with the 1995 Antofagasta earthquake and the 2007 Tocopilla earthquake. [114] Finally, Lascar is vigorous producer of sulfate dust particles,[113] which are released at a rate of about 100,000 trillion particles per second. Many of these volcanoes are covered by snow and ice. [63] A 6-kilometre-long (3.7mi) lava flow on the northern flank reaches almost to the village of Talabre. [194], The flows were strongly erosive, extracting rocks and material from the bedrock, even far away from the vent. [45] Noticeable erosion occurred in the areas over which pyroclastic flows had passed, forming abrasion surfaces and removing loose detritus from the ground. The whole volcano did not deform during the eruption sequence. [86] After the end of stage I, a period of glacial erosion occurred prior to new activity,[72] which created furrows in the Saltar flow. [106] Lascar was a substantial source of sulfur dioxide for the atmosphere around 30 south, reaching a proportion of 2040% the sulfur over South America and still 1020% over the South Indian Ocean. [59], Layers of lava and pyroclastics are discernible in the craters. [171], Vulcanian explosions started on 18 April 1993, and on 1920 April 1993, a major eruption occurred. [137] This edifice is the currently active one, with the deepest of its three summit craters being active. At least nine units form the Saltar deposit, with the northern flows displaying flow welding. [213] The 1993 eruption was followed by a significant increase in the fluorine content of plants covered by the ash. [59][105] This corresponds to about 1% of global volcanic sulfur emissions, and is comparable to Kilauea and Villarica. Created by. It probably started shrinking in April 1992, although the shrinkage was directly visible only in November. [95] Later deposits include the Cenozoic sedimentary Quepe strata. lascar volcano. Lascar is an andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcano with 3 . It has a volume of 56 cubic kilometres (1.21.4cumi). lascar volcano volcano type stratco or composite eruption history volcano location type of lava flow eruption type last eruption:October 31 Chile andesite plate boundaries and where the volcano is formed or located how lascar was formed plate boundaries: convergent subduction. Test. Unmanned aerial vehicles,[236] occasional reconnaissance flights and infrequent visits to the volcano are also used. [239] Explosive eruptions and ash falls are the major threat to humans from Lascar. [132], Activity subsequently shifted to the eastern edifice. [36] Traces of glaciation also exist at Cerros de Saltar. Its large crater is filled by another cone,[54] which forms the highest summit of the Lascar volcano. [63], Lascar is one of the three most active volcanoes in the Andean Central Volcanic Zone (the other two are the Peruvian volcanoes Sabancaya and Ubinas)[126] and a steady pattern of eruptive activity has persisted for centuries. [130] The long-term magma supply rate of Lascar is about 0.08 cubic kilometres per millennium (80,000m3/a),[131] the volcano has produced about 3040 cubic kilometres (7.29.6cumi) of rock. [161] Another series of eruptions occurred between November 1951 and January 1952; one eruption is recorded from 1940. [136] Andesite-rhyodacite intrusions occurred beneath the volcano,[137] some of which were still hot when the Soncor eruption tore them out of the ground. The unit is about 2 kilometres (1.2mi) wide[135] and consists of large blocks encased in ash. [51] This dacitic lava was erupted on Lascar at high altitude and has a blocky surface. It is composed of two separate cones with several summit craters. [220], Further activity occurred in May 2005, with a 810-kilometre-high (5.06.2mi) ash cloud, and in April 2006. Lascar is on the centre-left, Aguas Calientes right. Dacite has more plagioclase and rhyolite. [72] At least four alignments of volcanoes are recognized in the region. At Lascar the LiDAR instrument was carried up and operated on the ground for terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). Blog. [174] The strongest pulse occurred on 20 April between 6:28 and 9:20 and sent flows towards the northwest. Eruptions in 1972 and 1974 are uncertain. [239] Past eruptions caused ash fall in Argentina and disruption of air travel[241] and could have major effects in the Salta Province in case of renewed activity. [215] The collapse structures during this activity were larger than those noted in previous activity, possibly because the April 1993 eruption had emptied part of the system. Lscar Volcano, located in the Chilean Andes 70 km SE of San Pedro de Atacama, is the most active volcano of the Central Volcanic Zone. 2017-03-03 22:36:33. Long-period earthquakes with magnitudes not exceeding 1.3 were also recorded, with a maximum of 209 events noted in May 2015. Every donation will be highly appreciated. [44] These lava domes are about 5 million years old,[51] and are composed of dacite and smaller amounts of pyroxene andesite,[49] along with rhyolite and visible minerals including biotite and hornblende. [25][26] The Central Andes contain many hundreds of volcanoes, extending over the countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru. [67], The Quebrada Talabre cuts into the upper flanks of Lascar[64] and eventually joins the Quebrada Soncor. It is an andesitic to dacitic stratovolcano with six overlapping craters, trending roughly northeast, with the active, fuming crater located near the center. [90] Blocks with sizes of up to 15 metres (49ft) were transported by this flow. Research has indicated peculiar patterns, including so called "rapid-fire" events on a background of continuous activity,[232] as well as the occurrence of long-period earthquakes; here and in other volcanoes, this kind of seismic activity is associated with intense fumarolic activity that occurs in the absence of outright eruptions. [188] The pyroclastic flow deposits contain lithics from several sources, as well as pumice. the Pacific . [147] Magma temperatures have been estimated at 9001,000C (1,6501,830F). Colors of Iceland: Fire, Earth, Ice and Water, Lascar volcano (Northern Chile) - Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for 14 December-20 December 2022 (New Activity / Unrest), Lascar volcano (Northern Chile) - Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for 7 December-13 December 2022 (New Activity / Unrest), Latest earthquakes under Yellowstone volcano. However, an eruption of the Cerro Corona lava dome occurred during this period,[60] and activity of stage III did not commence earlier than 22,300 years ago. [222] The 18 April eruption was seen from the El Abra copper mine 220 kilometres (140mi) away and resulted in ash fall north-northeast from the volcano. Written By. [209] About 900,000 tonnes (890,000 long tons; 990,000 short tons) of gypsum was deposited in the drainages around the volcano, forming a significant supply of sulfur in the region. Which volcano to choose? [90] The Piedras Grandes unit is over 26,500 years old,[39] possibly between 63,000 and 100,000 years old. [74], Lascar rocks consist of andesite and dacite. 1-2 mm of very fine ash fell in Jama (international boundary of Chile and Argentina). [56] The eruption released about 400,000 tonnes (390,000 long tons; 440,000 short tons) of sulfur dioxide, about half the quantity released by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens,[207] and was sufficient to cause a noticeable increase in atmospheric opacity. Learn. [57] Recorded eruptions occurred in 1858, 1875, 18831885, 18981900(?) [189] Pumice mostly accumulated on the surface of the flows, and individual stones are up to 30 centimetres (12in) wide. Today the volcanic complex consists of the dormant western edifice and the active eastern edifice, the latter comprising three overlapping craters. [157] The 1933 eruption was seen as far away as Chuquicamata. [43][49] Cerro Corona gets its name from a crown-shaped structure at its top. Contact of lead scientist: T.R. [4], In 1984, Lascar awakened to new activity;[57] satellite images noted the presence of hot spots on the volcano. Ash fall in Salta occurred about one hour after the eruption. [53] Around 5150 1250 BCE, as obtained by surface exposure dating,[157] the Tumbres-Talabre lava flow was erupted from the eastern crater. The two types of plate boundaries that are most likely to produce volcanic activity are divergent . 287 (2014) 5167]", "First geochemical survey of fumarolic gases from Lascar volcano (Central Andes, Chile)", "Linking magmatic processes and magma chemistry during the post-glacial to recent explosive eruptions of Ubinas volcano (southern Peru)", Peligros volcnicos de la Zona Norte de Chile, "Sistema Nacional de Proteccion Civil Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Volcan Popocatepetl Estudios Realizados Durante La Crisis de 1994-1995 Comite Cientifico Asesor Cenapred-Unam", "Satellite images uncertainty: eruption or resuspension? Walter, Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is based on the measurement of the time delay between the emission of a laser pulse and the reception of the echos that return from target objects. [42] Tumisa, to the south of Lascar, was active between 2.5 and 0.4 million years ago,[43] is composed of dacite and surrounded by pyroclastic flow deposits. [156] The frequent smaller explosive events commonly occur unexpectedly and can thus endanger people on the mountain. Wiki User.

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